Thunderbolt 5 is Here - Up To 80 Gbps Bandwidth With Existing USB Type-C Ports

The following line reads "[T]he PHY will be based on novel PAM-3 modulation technology". When talking about PAM-3, or Pulse Amplitude Modulation, we are discussing how 0s and 1s are transmitted, or in this case, a single bit. Right now, PAM-4 and NRZ are the standard, where the number 4 pertains to the number of variances of zeros and ones (00, 01, 10, or 11) being transmitted in NRZ, or a single bit.

In PAM-3, zeroes and ones are thought of in negative or positive values—i.e. -1, 0, and +1. The system then combines two PAM-3 modules and transmits the information into 3-bit data signals, where the value 000 is an -1 followed by -1.


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